William Morton Wheeler

William Morton Wheeler (1865 -1937)

Biographical Note

Born as the son of Julius Morton and Caroline Georgiana Wheeler (née Anderson) in Milwaukee, he was transferred from public school to a local German academy due to, in his own words, "persistently bad behavior". They had a small museum which Wheeler had studied since he was a child, and when Ward's Natural Science Establishment in early 1884 brought a collection of stuffed and skeletonized animals to the academy, to persuade the city fathers to purchase them, Wheeler volunteered to spend the nights in helping Ward to unpack and install the specimens. The latter was so impressed that he offered Wheeler a job in his Rochester, New York establishment. Here he identified birds and mammals, and later collections of shells, echinoderms and sponges. His shell catalogue was still in use by collectors in the late 1920s.

Wheeler was trained as an insect embryologist, having studied under Baur, Dohrn and Whitman, but he became the leading authority on the behaviour of social insects, achieving particular renown for his studies of social behaviour of ants. He was instrumental in the development of ethology and first popularized the term in a 1902 paper in Science.

He was a taxonomist of the highest order, and was responsible for the descriptions of innumerable species, among them Pogonomyrmex maricopa, the most venomous insect in the world. Professor Wheeler was curator of invertebrate zoology in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, from 1903 to 1908. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences.

A close contact of the British myrmecologist and coleopterist Horace Donisthorpe, it was to Wheeler that Donisthorpe dedicated his first major book on ants in 1915. Donisthorpe and Wheeler also frequently exchanged specimens, leading the latter to first develop the idea that the Formicinae subfamily had its origins in North America.

He was professor of applied biology at Harvard University's Bussey Institute, which had one of the most highly regarded biology programs in the United States. One of his pupils there was Alfred Kinsey.

His work includes 467 titles

Wheeler began his study of ants while he was a professor of zoology at the University of Texas at Austin (1899–1903), and he greatly extended the scope of his research after becoming curator of invertebrate zoology at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City (1903–08). His investigations dealt particularly with ant taxonomy, morphology, and distribution as well as with ecology, habits, and social relations. He discovered that the social behaviour of ants was among the most complex in the insect world, leading him to use the ant colony as a behavioural analogy for human civilization. His findings were based on firsthand observations of ant species collected from all over the world, including Morocco, the Galapagos, and the Canary Islands.

Later in his career (1930), Wheeler made an important study of the biology of the antlion, the larvae of the neuropteran family Myrmeleontidae.

Student, German-English Academy, Milwaukee, ?-1883

Assistant, Ward's Natural Science Establishment, Rochester, 1884-1885

Teacher, German-English Academy, Milwaukee, 1885-1887

Researcher, Allis Lake Laboratory, 1886-1890

Director, Milwaukee Public Museum, 1887-1890

Summer research at Woods Hole, 1889-1892, 1894, 1898, 1900, etc.

Ph.D. student, Clark University, 1890-1892

Professor, Department of Zoology, University of Chicago, 1892-1899

Research in Münich, Naples, Liège, 1893-1894

Chairman, Department of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin, 1899-1903

American Museum of Natural History, 1903-1908

Harvard University, 1908-1937

Ant Taxonomy

Wheeler published 252 ant taxonomic papers during his lifetime. He published from 1900 until 1942.

Taxonomic Publications

Wheeler, W. M. 1900a. The female of Eciton sumichrasti Norton, with some notes on the habits of Texan Ecitons. Am. Nat. 34: 563-574

Wheeler, W. M. 1900b. A study of some Texan Ponerinae. Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole) 2: 1-31

Wheeler, W. M. 1901a. The compound and mixed nests of American ants. Part I. Observations on a new guest ant. Am. Nat. 35: 431-448

Wheeler, W. M. 1901c. The compound and mixed nests of American ants. Part II. The known cases of social symbiosis among American ants. Am. Nat. 35: 513-539

Wheeler, W. M. 1901e. The compound and mixed nests of American ants. Part II (continued). Am. Nat. 35: 701-724

Wheeler, W. M. 1902a. A new agricultural ant from Texas, with remarks on the known North American species. Am. Nat. 36: 85-100

Wheeler, W. M. 1902b. Formica fusca Linn. subsp. subpolita Mayr, var. perpilosa, n. var. Mem. Rev. Soc. Cient. "Antonio Alzate" 17: 141-142

Wheeler, W. M. 1902d. New agricultural ants from Texas. Psyche (Camb.) 9: 387-393

Wheeler, W. M. 1902e. An American Cerapachys, with remarks on the affinities of the Cerapachyinae. Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole) 3: 181-191

Wheeler, W. M. 1902f. The occurrence of Formica cinerea Mayr and Formica rufibarbis Fabricius in America. Am. Nat. 36: 947-952

Wheeler, W. M. 1902g. A consideration of S. B. Buckley's "North American Formicidae.". Trans. Tex. Acad. Sci. 4: 17-31

Wheeler, W. M. 1903a. Erebomyrma, a new genus of hypogaeic ants from Texas. Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole) 4: 137-148

Wheeler, W. M. 1903c. A decad of Texan Formicidae. Psyche (Camb.) 10: 93-111

Wheeler, W. M. 1903d. A revision of the North American ants of the genus Leptothorax Mayr. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 55: 215-260

Wheeler, W. M. 1903f. The North American ants of the genus Stenamma sensu stricto. Psyche (Camb.) 10: 164-168

Wheeler, W. M. 1903g. Extraordinary females in three species of Formica, with remarks on mutation in the Formicidae. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 19: 639-651

Wheeler, W. M. 1903h. Some new gynandromorphous ants, with a review of the previously recorded cases. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 19: 653-683

Wheeler, W. M. 1903j. Some notes on the habits of Ceraphachys augustae. Psyche (Camb.) 10: 205-209

Wheeler, W. M. 1904a. Three new genera of inquiline ants from Utah and Colorado. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 20: 1-17

Wheeler, W. M. 1904c. The American ants of the subgenus Colobopsis. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 20: 139-158

Wheeler, W. M. 1904d. A crustacean-eating ant (Leptogenys elongata Buckley). Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole) 6: 251-259

Wheeler, W. M. 1904e. Ants from Catalina Island, California. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 20: 269-271

Wheeler, W. M. 1904f. The ants of North Carolina. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 20: 299-306

Wheeler, W. M. 1904i. A new type of social parasitism among ants. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 20: 347-375

Wheeler, W. M. 1905a. An interpretation of the slave-making instincts in ants. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 21: 1-16

Wheeler, W. M. 1905c. The ants of the Bahamas, with a list of the known West Indian species. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 21: 79-135

Wheeler, W. M. 1905d. New species of Formica. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 21: 267-274

Wheeler, W. M. 1905g. The North American ants of the genus Dolichoderus. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 21: 305-319

Wheeler, W. M. 1905h. The North American ants of the genus Liometopum. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 21: 321-333

Wheeler, W. M. 1905j. An annotated list of the ants of New Jersey. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 21: 371-403

Wheeler, W. M. 1906e. On the founding of colonies by queen ants, with special reference to the parasitic and slave-making species. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 22: 33-105

Wheeler, W. M. 1906f. New ants from New England. Psyche (Camb.) 13: 38-41

Wheeler, W. M. 1906g. Fauna of New England. 7. List of the Formicidae. Occas. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 7: 1-24

Wheeler, W. M. 1906h. The ants of Japan. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 22: 301-328

Wheeler, W. M. 1906i. The ants of the Grand Cañon. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 22: 329-345

Wheeler, W. M. 1906j. The ants of the Bermudas. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 22: 347-352

Wheeler, W. M. 1907b. A collection of ants from British Honduras. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 23: 271-277

Wheeler, W. M. 1907c. Notes on a new guest-ant, Leptothorax glacialis, and the varieties of Myrmica brevinodis Emery. Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc. 5: 70-83

Wheeler, W. M. 1907d. The fungus-growing ants of North America. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 23: 669-807

Wheeler, W. M. 1908a. The ants of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 24: 117-158

Wheeler, W. M. 1908b. The ants of Jamaica. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 24: 159-163

Wheeler, W. M. 1908c. Ants from Moorea, Society Islands. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 24: 165-167

Wheeler, W. M. 1908g. Honey ants, with a revision of the American Myrmecocysti. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 24: 345-397

Wheeler, W. M. 1908h. The ants of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. (Part I.). Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 24: 399-485

Wheeler, W. M. 1908i. The ants of Casco Bay, Maine, with observations on two races of Formica sanguinea Latreille. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 24: 619-645

Wheeler, W. M. 1908k. Comparative ethology of the European and North American ants. J. Psychol. Neurol. 13: 404-435

Wheeler, W. M. 1909a. A small collection of ants from Victoria, Australia. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 17: 25-29

Wheeler, W. M. 1909b. Ants collected by Prof. F. Silvestri in Mexico. Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agrar. R. Sc. Super. Agric. 3: 228-238

Wheeler, W. M. 1909c. Ants collected by Professor Filippo Silvestri in the Hawaiian Islands. Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agrar. R. Sc. Super. Agric. 3: 269-272

Wheeler, W. M. 1909d. Ants of Formosa and the Philippines. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 26: 333-345

Wheeler, W. M. 1909e. A decade of North American Formicidae. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 17: 77-90

Wheeler, W. M. 1909f. A new honey ant from California. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 17: 98-99

Wheeler, W. M. 1909g. Observations on some European ants. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 17: 172-187

Wheeler, W. M. 1910b. Ants: their structure, development and behavior. New York: Columbia University Press, xxv + 663 pp.

Wheeler, W. M. 1910d. Three new genera of myrmicine ants from tropical America. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 28: 259-265

Wheeler, W. M. 1910e. An aberrant Lasius from Japan. Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole) 19: 130-137

Wheeler, W. M. 1910f. A new species of Aphomomyrmex from Borneo. Psyche (Camb.) 17: 131-135

Wheeler, W. M. 1910g. The North American ants of the genus Camponotus Mayr. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 20: 295-354

Wheeler, W. M. 1910h. The North American forms of Lasius umbratus Nylander. Psyche (Camb.) 17: 235-243

Wheeler, W. M. 1910i. The North American forms of Camponotus fallax Nylander. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 18: 216-232

Wheeler, W. M. 1911a. Additions to the ant-fauna of Jamaica. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 30: 21-29

Wheeler, W. M. 1911b. Ants collected in Grenada, W. I. by Mr. C. T. Brues. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 54: 167-172

Wheeler, W. M. 1911c. Three formicid names which have been overlooked. Science (N. Y.) (n.s.) 33: 858-860

Wheeler, W. M. 1911d. A new Camponotus from California. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 19: 96-98

Wheeler, W. M. 1911e. Two fungus-growing ants from Arizona. Psyche (Camb.) 18: 93-101

Wheeler, W. M. 1911g. A list of the type species of the genera and subgenera of Formicidae. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 21: 157-175

Wheeler, W. M. 1911i. Descriptions of some new fungus-growing ants from Texas, with Mr. C. G. Hartman's observations on their habits. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 19: 245-255

Wheeler, W. M. 1911k. Three new ants from Mexico and Central America. Psyche (Camb.) 18: 203-208

Wheeler, W. M. 1912a. The ants of Guam. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 20: 44-48

Wheeler, W. M. 1912b. Notes on a mistletoe ant. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 20: 130-133

Wheeler, W. M. 1912c. New names for some ants of the genus Formica. Psyche (Camb.) 19: 90

Wheeler, W. M. 1912e. Additions to our knowledge of the ants of the genus Myrmecocystus Wesmael. Psyche (Camb.) 19: 172-181

Wheeler, W. M. 1912f. The male of Eciton vagans Olivier. Psyche (Camb.) 19: 206-207

Wheeler, W. M. 1913a. Corrections and additions to "List of type species of the genera and subgenera of Formicidae". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 23: 77-83

Wheeler, W. M. 1913b. The ants of Cuba. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 54: 477-505

Wheeler, W. M. 1913c. [Untitled. Description of Iridomyrmex humilis Mayr.]. Pp. 27-29 in: Newell, W., Barber, T. C. The Argentine ant. U. S. Dep. Agric. Bur. Entomol. Bull. 122:1-98.

Wheeler, W. M. 1913d. Ants collected in Georgia by Dr. J. C. Bradley and Mr. W. T. Davis. Psyche (Camb.) 20: 112-117

Wheeler, W. M. 1913e. Ants collected in the West Indies. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 32: 239-244

Wheeler, W. M. 1913f. Zoological results of the Abor Expedition, 1911-1912, XVII. Hymenoptera, II: Ants (Formicidae). Rec. Indian Mus. 8: 233-237

Wheeler, W. M. 1913i. A revision of the ants of the genus Formica (Linné) Mayr. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 53: 379-565

Wheeler, W. M. 1914a. Gynandromorphous ants described during the decade 1903-1913. Am. Nat. 48: 49-56

Wheeler, W. M. 1914b. Formica exsecta in Japan. Psyche (Camb.) 21: 26-27

Wheeler, W. M. 1914c. Ants collected by W. M. Mann in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 22: 37-61

Wheeler, W. M. 1914d. Note on the habits of Liomyrmex. Psyche (Camb.) 21: 75-76

Wheeler, W. M. 1914e. The American species of Myrmica allied to M. rubida Latreille. Psyche (Camb.) 21: 118-122

Wheeler, W. M. 1914f. New and little known harvesting ants of the genus Pogonomyrmex. Psyche (Camb.) 21: 149-157

Wheeler, W. M. 1915a. Neomyrma versus Oreomyrma. A correction. Psyche (Camb.) 22: 50

Wheeler, W. M. 1915b. Some additions to the North American ant-fauna. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 34: 389-421

Wheeler, W. M. 1915c. Paranomopone, a new genus of ponerine ants from Queensland. Psyche (Camb.) 22: 117-120

Wheeler, W. M. 1915e. The Australian honey-ants of the genus Leptomyrmex Mayr. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 51: 255-286

Wheeler, W. M. 1915f. Two new genera of myrmicine ants from Brasil. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 59: 483-491

Wheeler, W. M. 1915g. A new bog-inhabiting variety of Formica fusca L. Psyche (Camb.) 22: 203-206

Wheeler, W. M. 1915h. Hymenoptera. [In "Scientific notes on an expedition into the north-western regions of South Australia".]. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 39: 805-823

Wheeler, W. M. 1915i [1914]. The ants of the Baltic Amber. Schr. Phys.-Ökon. Ges. Königsb. 55: 1-142

Wheeler, W. M. 1916a. The Australian ants of the genus Onychomyrmex. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 60: 45-54

Wheeler, W. M. 1916b. Four new and interesting ants from the mountains of Borneo and Luzon. Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club 6: 9-18

Wheeler, W. M. 1916c. Ants collected in British Guiana by the expedition of the American Museum of Natural History during 1911. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 35: 1-14

Wheeler, W. M. 1916f. Ants collected in Trinidad by Professor Roland Thaxter, Mr. F. W. Urich, and others. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 60: 323-330

Wheeler, W. M. 1916g. Some new formicid names. Psyche (Camb.) 23: 40-41

Wheeler, W. M. 1916i. Two new ants from Texas and Arizona. Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club 6: 29-35

Wheeler, W. M. 1916j. Note on the Brazilian fire-ant, Solenopsis saevissima F. Smith. Psyche (Camb.) 23: 142-143

Wheeler, W. M. 1916k. An anomalous blind worker ant. Psyche (Camb.) 23: 143-145

Wheeler, W. M. 1916m. Prodiscothyrea, a new genus of ponerine ants from Queensland. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 40: 33-37

Wheeler, W. M. 1916n. The Australian ants of the genus Aphaenogaster Mayr. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 40: 213-223

Wheeler, W. M. 1916o. Questions of nomenclature connected with the ant genus Lasius and its subgenera. Psyche (Camb.) 23: 168-173

Wheeler, W. M. 1916p. Ants carried in a floating log from the Brazilian mainland to San Sebastian Island. Psyche (Camb.) 23: 180-183

Wheeler, W. M. 1916r. Formicoidea. Formicidae. Pp. 577-601 in: Viereck, H. L. Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part III. The Hymenoptera, or wasp-like insects, of Connecticut. Conn. State Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 22:1-824.

Wheeler, W. M. 1917a. The mountain ants of western North America. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 52: 457-569

Wheeler, W. M. 1917b. The phylogenetic development of subapterous and apterous castes in the Formicidae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 3: 109-117

Wheeler, W. M. 1917c. The North American ants described by Asa Fitch. Psyche (Camb.) 24: 26-29

Wheeler, W. M. 1917d. A new Malayan ant of the genus Prodiscothyrea. Psyche (Camb.) 24: 29-30

Wheeler, W. M. 1917e. The ants of Alaska. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 61: 13-23

Wheeler, W. M. 1917f. The Australian ant-genus Myrmecorhynchus (Ern. André) and its position in the subfamily Camponotinae. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 41: 14-19

Wheeler, W. M. 1917g. Jamaican ants collected by Prof. C. T. Brues. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 61: 457-471

Wheeler, W. M. 1917h. The temporary social parasitism of Lasius subumbratus Viereck. Psyche (Camb.) 24: 167-176

Wheeler, W. M. 1917k. A list of Indiana ants. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 26: 460-466

Wheeler, W. M. 1918a. The Australian ants of the ponerine tribe Cerapachyini. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 53: 215-265

Wheeler, W. M. 1918b. Ants collected in British Guiana by Mr. C. William Beebe. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 26: 23-28

Wheeler, W. M. 1918c. A study of some ant larvae, with a consideration of the origin and meaning of the social habit among insects. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 57: 293-343

Wheeler, W. M. 1918d. The ants of the genus Opisthopsis Emery. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 62: 341-362

Wheeler, W. M. 1919a. Two gynandromorphous ants. Psyche (Camb.) 26: 1-8

Wheeler, W. M. 1919b. A new subspecies of Aphaenogaster treatae Forel. Psyche (Camb.) 26: 50

Wheeler, W. M. 1919d. Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Galapagos Islands, 1905-1906. XIV. The ants of the Galapagos Islands. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4)2(2 2: 259-297

Wheeler, W. M. 1919e. Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Galapagos Islands, 1905-1906. XV. The ants of Cocos Island. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4)2(2 2: 299-308

Wheeler, W. M. 1919f. The ants of Borneo. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 63: 43-147

Wheeler, W. M. 1919g. The ant genus Lordomyrma Emery. Psyche (Camb.) 26: 97-106

Wheeler, W. M. 1919h. A new paper-making Crematogaster from the southeastern United States. Psyche (Camb.) 26: 107-112

Wheeler, W. M. 1919j. The ants of the genus Metapone Forel. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 12: 173-191

Wheeler, W. M. 1919k. A singular neotropical ant (Pseudomyrma filiformis Fabricius). Psyche (Camb.) 26: 124-131

Wheeler, W. M. 1920. The subfamilies of Formicidae, and other taxonomic notes. Psyche (Camb.) 27: 46-55

Wheeler, W. M. 1921a. Professor Emery's subgenera of the genus Camponotus Mayr. Psyche (Camb.) 28: 16-19

Wheeler, W. M. 1921b. A new case of parabiosis and the "ant gardens" of British Guiana. Ecology 2: 89-103

Wheeler, W. M. 1921c. Chinese ants. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 64: 529-547

Wheeler, W. M. 1921d. Observations on army ants in British Guiana. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 56: 291-328

Wheeler, W. M. 1921e. Chinese ants collected by Prof. C. W. Howard. Psyche (Camb.) 28: 110-115

Wheeler, W. M. 1921f. The Tachigalia ants. Zoologica (N. Y.) 3: 137-168

Wheeler, W. M. 1922a. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. I. On the distribution of the ants of the Ethiopian and Malagasy regions. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 45: 13-37

Wheeler, W. M. 1922b. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. II. The ants collected by the American Museum Congo Expedition. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 45: 39-269

Wheeler, W. M. 1922c. Observations on Gigantiops destructor Fabricius and other leaping ants. Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole) 42: 185-201

Wheeler, W. M. 1922e. The ants of Trinidad. Am. Mus. Novit. 45: 1-16

Wheeler, W. M. 1922f. A new genus and subgenus of Myrmicinae from tropical America. Am. Mus. Novit. 46: 1-6

Wheeler, W. M. 1922g. Neotropical ants of the genera Carebara, Tranopelta and Tranopeltoides, new genus. Am. Mus. Novit. 48: 1-14

Wheeler, W. M. 1922i. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 45: 631-710

Wheeler, W. M. 1922j. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VIII. A synonymic list of the ants of the Ethiopian region. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 45: 711-1004

Wheeler, W. M. 1922k. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. IX. A synonymic list of the ants of the Malagasy region. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 4 45: 1005-1055

Wheeler, W. M. 1922n. Formicidae from Easter Island and Juan Fernandez. Pp. 317-319 in: Skottsberg, C. (ed.) 1921-1940. The natural history of Juan Fernandez and Easter Island. Vol. III. Zoology. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksells, 688 pp.

Wheeler, W. M. 1923a. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der schwedischen entomologischen Reise des Herrn Dr. A. Roman in Amazonas 1914-1915. 7. Formicidae. Ark. Zool. 15(7 7: 1-6

Wheeler, W. M. 1923b. Social life among the insects. Lecture V. Parasitic ants and ant guests. Sci. Mon. 16: 5-33

Wheeler, W. M. 1923c. Chinese ants collected by Professor S. F. Light and Professor A. P. Jacot. Am. Mus. Novit. 69: 1-6

Wheeler, W. M. 1923d. Report on the ants collected by the Barbados-Antigua Expedition from the University of Iowa in 1918. Stud. Nat. Hist. Iowa Univ. 10(3 3: 3-9

Wheeler, W. M. 1923e. The occurrence of winged females in the ant genus Leptogenys Roger, with descriptions of new species. Am. Mus. Novit. 90: 1-16

Wheeler, W. M. 1923f. Ants of the genera Myopias and Acanthoponera. Psyche (Camb.) 30: 175-192

Wheeler, W. M. 1924b. The Formicidae of the Harrison Williams Galapagos Expedition. Zoologica (N. Y.) 5: 101-122

Wheeler, W. M. 1924c. Ants of Krakatau and other islands in the Sunda Strait. Treubia 5: 239-258

Wheeler, W. M. 1924d. A gynandromorph of Tetramorium guineense Fabr. Psyche (Camb.) 31: 136-137

Wheeler, W. M. 1924e. On the ant-genus Chrysapace Crawley. Psyche (Camb.) 31: 224-225

Wheeler, W. M. 1925a. Neotropical ants in the collections of the Royal Museum of Stockholm. Ark. Zool. 17A(8 8: 1-55

Wheeler, W. M. 1925b. Zoological results of the Swedish Expedition to Central Africa 1921. Insecta. 10. Formicidae. Ark. Zool. 17A(2 25: 1-3

Wheeler, W. M. 1925d. The finding of the queen of the army ant Eciton hamatum Fabricius. Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole) 49: 139-149

Wheeler, W. M. 1925e. A new guest-ant and other new Formicidae from Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole) 49: 150-181

Wheeler, W. M. 1926a. Ants of the Balearic Islands. Folia Myrmecol. Termit. 1: 1-6

Wheeler, W. M. 1927a. The occurrence of Formica fusca L. in Sumatra. Psyche (Camb.) 34: 40-41

Wheeler, W. M. 1927b. Burmese ants collected by Professor G. E. Gates. Psyche (Camb.) 34: 42-46

Wheeler, W. M. 1927c. Ants of the genus Amblyopone Erichson. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 62: 1-29

Wheeler, W. M. 1927d. Chinese ants collected by Professor S. F. Light and Professor N. Gist Gee. Am. Mus. Novit. 255: 1-12

Wheeler, W. M. 1927e. A few ants from China and Formosa. Am. Mus. Novit. 259: 1-4

Wheeler, W. M. 1927f. The physiognomy of insects. Q. Rev. Biol. 2: 1-36

Wheeler, W. M. 1927g. The ants of the Canary Islands. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 62: 93-120

Wheeler, W. M. 1927h. Ants collected by Professor F. Silvestri in Indochina. Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agrar. R. Sc. Super. Agric. 20: 83-106

Wheeler, W. M. 1927i. The ants of Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 62: 121-153

Wheeler, W. M. 1928a. Zatapinoma, a new genus of ants from India. Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club 10: 19-23

Wheeler, W. M. 1928b. Mermis parasitism and intercastes among ants. J. Exp. Zool. 50: 165-237

Wheeler, W. M. 1928c. Ants collected by Professor F. Silvestri in China. Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agrar. R. Sc. Super. Agric. 22: 3-38

Wheeler, W. M. 1928d. Ants collected by Professor F. Silvestri in Japan and Korea. Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agrar. R. Sc. Super. Agric. 22: 96-125

Wheeler, W. M. 1928e. A new species of Probolomyrmex from Java. Psyche (Camb.) 35: 7-9

Wheeler, W. M. 1929a. The identity of the ant genera Gesomyrmex Mayr and Dimorphomyrmex Ernest André. Psyche (Camb.) 36: 1-12

Wheeler, W. M. 1929b. Three new genera of ants from the Dutch East Indies. Am. Mus. Novit. 349: 1-8

Wheeler, W. M. 1929d. Note on Gesomyrmex. Psyche (Camb.) 36: 91-92

Wheeler, W. M. 1929e. The ant genus Rhopalomastix. Psyche (Camb.) 36: 95-101

Wheeler, W. M. 1929f. A Camponotus mermithergate from Argentina. Psyche (Camb.) 36: 102-106

Wheeler, W. M. 1929g. Some ants from China and Manchuria. Am. Mus. Novit. 361: 1-11

Wheeler, W. M. 1929h. Ants collected by Professor F. Silvestri in Formosa, the Malay Peninsula and the Philippines. Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agrar. R. Sc. Super. Agric. 24: 27-64

Wheeler, W. M. 1929i. Two interesting Neotropical myrmecophytes (Cordia nodosa and C. alliodora). Pp. 342-353 in: Jordan, K., Horn, W. (eds.) Fourth International Congress of Entomology, Ithaca, August 1928. Volume II. Transactions. Naumburg a. Saale: G. Pätz, vii + 1037 pp.

Wheeler, W. M. 1929j. Part II. Formicidae. Pp. 29-39 in: Wheeler, W. M., Bequaert, J. C. Amazonian myrmecophytes and their ants. Zool. Anz. 82:10-39.

Wheeler, W. M. 1930b. Formosan ants collected by Dr. R. Takahashi. Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club 11: 93-106

Wheeler, W. M. 1930c. The ant Prenolepis imparis Say. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 23: 1-26

Wheeler, W. M. 1930d. A second note on Gesomyrmex. Psyche (Camb.) 37: 35-40

Wheeler, W. M. 1930e. Two new genera of ants from Australia and the Philippines. Psyche (Camb.) 37: 41-47

Wheeler, W. M. 1930g. A new parasitic Crematogaster from Indiana. Psyche (Camb.) 37: 55-60 [

Wheeler, W. M. 1930h. A new Emeryella from Panama. Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club 12: 9-13

Wheeler, W. M. 1930i. [Untitled. Azteca xanthochroa Roger subsp. salti Wheeler, subsp. nov.]. Pp. 114-115 in: Wheeler, W. M., Darlington, P. J. Ant-tree notes from Rio Frio, Colombia. Psyche (Camb.) 37:107-117.

Wheeler, W. M. 1930j. Philippine ants of the genus Aenictus with descriptions of the females of two species. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 38: 193-212

Wheeler, W. M. 1930k. A list of the known Chinese ants. Peking Nat. Hist. Bull. 5: 53-81

Wheeler, W. M. 1931a. Neotropical ants of the genus Xenomyrmex Forel. Rev. Entomol. (Rio J.) 1: 129-139

Wheeler, W. M. 1931b. New and little-known ants of the genera Macromischa, Creosomyrmex and Antillaemyrmex. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 72: 1-34

Wheeler, W. M. 1931d. The ant Camponotus (Myrmepomis) sericeiventris Guérin and its mimic. Psyche (Camb.) 38: 86-98

Wheeler, W. M. 1932a. A list of the ants of Florida with descriptions of new forms. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 40: 1-17

Wheeler, W. M. 1932d. An Australian Leptanilla. Psyche (Camb.) 39: 53-58

Wheeler, W. M. 1932e. Ants of the Marquesas Islands. Bull. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 98: 155-163

Wheeler, W. M. 1932g. Ants from the Society Islands. Bull. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 113: 13-19

Wheeler, W. M. 1933a. The Templeton Crocker Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences, 1932. No. 6. Formicidae of the Templeton Crocker Expedition. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4) 21: 57-64

Wheeler, W. M. 1933b. Mermis parasitism in some Australian and Mexican ants. Psyche (Camb.) 40: 20-31

Wheeler, W. M. 1933c. New ants from China and Japan. Psyche (Camb.) 40: 65-67

Wheeler, W. M. 1933d. A second parasitic Crematogaster. Psyche (Camb.) 40: 83-86

Wheeler, W. M. 1933e. A new Myrmoteras from Java. Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club 13: 73-75

Wheeler, W. M. 1933f. A new species of Ponera and other records of ants from the Marquesas Islands. Bull. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 114: 141-144

Wheeler, W. M. 1933g. Three obscure genera of ponerine ants. Am. Mus. Novit. 672: 1-23

Wheeler, W. M. 1933i. Colony founding among ants, with an account of some primitive Australian species. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, viii + 179 pp.

Wheeler, W. M. 1934a. Formicidae of the Templeton Crocker Expedition, 1933. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. (4) 21: 173-181

Wheeler, W. M. 1934b. An Australian ant of the genus Leptothorax Mayr. Psyche (Camb.) 41: 60-62

Wheeler, W. M. 1934c. A second revision of the ants of the genus Leptomyrmex Mayr. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 77: 69-118

Wheeler, W. M. 1934d. Contributions to the fauna of Rottnest Island, Western Australia. No. IX. The ants. J. R. Soc. West. Aust. 20: 137-163

Wheeler, W. M. 1934e. Some aberrant species of Camponotus (Colobopsis) from the Fiji Islands. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 27: 415-424

Wheeler, W. M. 1934f. Ants from the islands off the west coast of Lower California and Mexico. Pan-Pac. Entomol. 10: 132-144

Wheeler, W. M. 1934g. Neotropical ants collected by Dr. Elisabeth Skwarra and others. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 77: 157-240

Wheeler, W. M. 1934h. Some ants from the Bahama Islands. Psyche (Camb.) 41: 230-232

Wheeler, W. M. 1935a. Two new genera of myrmicine ants from Papua and the Philippines. Proc. N. Engl. Zool. Club 15: 1-9

Wheeler, W. M. 1935b. New ants from the Philippines. Psyche (Camb.) 42: 38-52

Wheeler, W. M. 1935c. Myrmecological notes. Psyche (Camb.) 42: 68-72

Wheeler, W. M. 1935d. Ants of the genera Belonopelta Mayr and Simopelta Mann. Rev. Entomol. (Rio J.) 5: 8-19

Wheeler, W. M. 1935e. The Australian ant genus Mayriella Forel. Psyche (Camb.) 42: 151-160

Wheeler, W. M. 1935f. Ants of the genus Acropyga Roger, with description of a new species. J. N. Y. Entomol. Soc. 43: 321-329

Wheeler, W. M. 1935g. Check list of the ants of Oceania. Occas. Pap. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 11(1 11: 1-56

Wheeler, W. M. 1936a. The Australian ant genus Froggattella. Am. Mus. Novit. 842: 1-11

Wheeler, W. M. 1936c. Ants from Hispaniola and Mona Island. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 80: 195-211

Wheeler, W. M. 1936d. A singular Crematogaster from Guatemala. Psyche (Camb.) 43: 40-48

Wheeler, W. M. 1936e. Ecological relations of ponerine and other ants to termites. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 71: 159-243

Wheeler, W. M. 1936f. Notes on some aberrant Indonesian ants of the subfamily Formicinae. Tijdschr. Entomol. 79: 217-221

Wheeler, W. M. 1936g. Ants from the Society, Austral, Tuamotu and Mangareva Islands. Occas. Pap. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. 12(1 18: 3-17

Wheeler, W. M. 1937a. Additions to the ant-fauna of Krakatau and Verlaten Island. Treubia 16: 21-24

Wheeler, W. M. 1937b. Ants mostly from the mountains of Cuba. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 81: 439-465

Wheeler, W. M. 1937c. Mosaics and other anomalies among ants. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 95 pp.

Wheeler, W. M. 1938. Ants from the caves of Yucatan. Pp. 251-255 in: Pearse, A. S. Fauna of the caves of Yucatan. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 491:1-304.

Wheeler, W. M. 1942. Studies of Neotropical ant-plants and their ants. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 90: 1-262

Wheeler, W. M.; Bailey, I. W. 1920. The feeding habits of pseudomyrmine and other ants. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. (2) 22: 235-279

Wheeler, W. M.; Bequaert, J. C. 1929. Amazonian myrmecophytes and their ants. Zool. Anz. 82: 10-39

Wheeler, W. M.; Chapman, J. W. 1925. The ants of the Philippine Islands. Part I, Dorylinae and Ponerinae. Philipp. J. Sci. 28: 47-73

Wheeler, W. M.; Creighton, W. S. 1934. A study of the ant genera Novomessor and Veromessor. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts Sci. 69: 341-387

Wheeler, W. M.; Darlington, P. J., Jr. 1930. Ant-tree notes from Rio Frio, Colombia. Psyche (Camb.) 37: 107-117

Wheeler, W. M.; Gaige, F. M. 1920. Euponera gilva (Roger), a rare North American ant. Psyche (Camb.) 27: 69-72

Wheeler, W. M.; Long, W. H. 1901. The males of some Texan Ecitons. Am. Nat. 35: 157-173

Wheeler, W. M.; Mann, W. M. 1914. The ants of Haiti. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 33: 1-61

Wheeler, W. M.; Mann, W. M. 1916. The ants of the Phillips Expedition to Palestine during 1914. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 60: 167-174

Wheeler, W. M.; Mann, W. M. 1942a. [Untitled. Pseudomyrma picta Stitz var. heterogyna Wheeler and Mann, var. nov.]. Pp. 172-173 in: Wheeler, W. M. Studies of Neotropical ant-plants and their ants. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 90:1-262.

Wheeler, W. M.; Mann, W. M. 1942b. [Untitled. Pseudomyrma triplarina (Weddell) var. rurrenabaquensis Wheeler & Mann, var. nov.]. Pp. 188-189 in: Wheeler, W. M. Studies of Neotropical ant-plants and their ants. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 90:1-262.

Wheeler, W. M.; Mann, W. M. 1942c. [Untitled. Allomerus decemarticulatus Mayr subsp. novemarticulatus Wheeler & Mann, subsp. nov.]. P. 199 in: Wheeler, W. M. Studies of Neotropical ant-plants and their ants. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 90:1-262.

Wheeler, W. M.; Mann, W. M. 1942d. [Untitled. Allomerus decemarticulatus Mayr subsp. octoarticulatus Mayr var. exsanguis Wheeler and Mann, var. nov.]. P. 200 in: Wheeler, W. M. Studies of Neotropical ant-plants and their ants. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 90:1-262.

Wheeler, W. M.; Mann, W. M. 1942e. [Untitled. Allomerus decemarticulatus Mayr subsp. octoarticulatus Mayr var. angulatus Wheeler & Mann, var. nov.]. P. 201 in: Wheeler, W. M. Studies of Neotropical ant-plants and their ants. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 90:1-262.

Wheeler, W. M.; Mann, W. M. 1942f. [Untitled. Allomerus decemarticulatus Mayr subsp. octoarticulatus Mayr var. melanoticus Wheeler & Mann, var. nov.]. Pp. 202-203 in: Wheeler, W. M. Studies of Neotropical ant-plants and their ants. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 90:1-262.

Wheeler, W. M.; Mann, W. M. 1942g. [Untitled. Azteca brevicornis Mayr var. boliviana Wheeler & Mann, var. nov.]. P. 225 in: Wheeler, W. M. Studies of Neotropical ant-plants and their ants. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 90:1-262.

Wheeler, W. M.; Mann, W. M. 1942h. [Untitled. Azteca ulei Forel var. gagatina Wheeler and Mann var. nov.]. P. 246 in: Wheeler, W. M. Studies of Neotropical ant-plants and their ants. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 90:1-262.

Wheeler, W. M.; Mann, W. M. 1942i. [Untitled. Myrmelachista (Decamera) schumanni Emery var. cordincola Wheeler & Mann, var. nov.]. P. 255 in: Wheeler, W. M. Studies of Neotropical ant-plants and their ants. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 90:1-262.

Wheeler, W. M.; McClendon, J. F. 1903. Dimorphic queens in an American ant (Lasius latipes Walsh). Biol. Bull. (Woods Hole) 4: 149-163